This article is a detailed guide on Vcc vs Vdd power rail naming conventions in analog and digital circuits (CMOS vs bipolar), with practical tips for schematics, PCB layout, and IC selection! Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Introduction In modern electronics, understanding power supply terminology is critical for accurate circuit design and analysis. The most frequently encountered terms are Vcc and Vdd, both of which refer to voltage supply rails but differ significantly in context and application. The distinction between Vcc vs Vdd reflects the underlying transistor technology (BJT vs. MOSFET) and impacts everything from schematic labeling to voltage regulation strategies. Ultimately, a clear understanding of Vcc vs Vdd contributes to more robust and reliable electronic designs. In this article, we’ll explore the technical differences […]

This article provides an in-depth overview of the various PCB components that make up electronic circuits – from passive elements like resistors and capacitors to active semiconductors and electromechanical devices. Introduction Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the foundation of modern electronic devices, and PCB components are the building blocks mounted on these boards. In every electronic gadget – from smartphones and computers to automobiles and industrial machines – you will find a PCB populated with various electronic components. These components are broadly classified into three categories:  1. Passive PCB components, such as resistors and capacitors, regulate electrical signals without amplification or switching functions.  2. Active PCB components, including transistors and integrated circuits (ICs), […]

In this technical article, we will explore what are schematics, their purpose, diverse types, critical applications and how to read and interpret them effectively. Introduction Schematics are the universal language of engineering, serving as detailed visual representations of complex systems and components. These intricate diagrams form the backbone of design, manufacturing, and troubleshooting processes across numerous industries, from electronics to aerospace. What are schematics? Curious about their significance?  Schematics offer a standardized way to communicate design intent, facilitate troubleshooting, and enable collaboration among engineers. Proficiency in reading and creating schematics is not just a valuable skill—it’s an essential competency that enables effective communication, problem-solving, and innovation.  In this technical article, […]

Is soldering paste the same as flux? This technical article clarifies the differences for electronics engineers, covering their functionalities and practical implementations in both manual soldering (repairs, prototyping) and automated soldering (SMT reflow assembly) Soldering Paste Solder Rod Cleaning Introduction Is soldering paste the same as flux? This is a common question among electronics enthusiasts and students delving into PCB assembly and repair. These terms might seem similar because both are used in soldering processes and often come in syringes or jars. In reality, they serve different purposes and are used in different contexts of electronics manufacturing! Soldering Flux (often just called flux) is a chemical agent used to clean oxidation from metal […]

This article explores the principles, methods, and real-world applications of the solderability test, offering insights into how it enhances quality assurance across modern electronics manufacturing processes! Introduction In electronics manufacturing, ensuring strong, reliable solder joints is critical to the performance and longevity of assembled components. The solderability test plays a vital role in evaluating how well metallic surfaces can be wetted by molten solder, directly impacting the integrity of electrical and mechanical connections. This quality control measure helps manufacturers detect issues related to surface oxidation, contamination, or plating defects that may lead to poor solder adhesion. By implementing a solderability test at various stages—component sourcing, PCB fabrication, and assembly—manufacturers can proactively reduce the risk of solder joint failures in the […]

This technical guide explores the various types, material properties, manufacturing processes, and key design considerations associated with blank PCB technology! Introduction The journey of any electronic device begins with a blank PCB, a seemingly simple yet critical starting material, providing the essential platform for interconnecting components. It is frequently termed as a ‘copper-clad‘ circuit board because it typically consists of a non-conductive substrate material with one or more thin layers of copper foil bonded to its surface(s). This copper layer is the raw material from which conductive traces will later be patterned.  If you’re developing consumer electronics, industrial control systems, or embedded solutions, an adequately designed blank PCB ensures electrical […]

This guide delves into X5R vs X7R multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), explaining the physics, design trade-offs, and how to choose the right dielectric for modern digital and analog circuits. Introduction Modern multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) have revolutionised circuit design by squeezing tens of microfarads into tiny surface‑mount packages. Both X5R vs X7R belong to the Class II family of MLCCs, widely applied in decoupling, bypassing, and filtering. They are designed to deliver high capacitance in small form factors. However, their performance varies with temperature, voltage, frequency, and time.  Understanding the trade-offs in X5R vs X7R capacitors is essential; an engineer expecting a 10 µF capacitor may easily use one that behaves like 3 µF at high […]

Controlled impedance in printed circuit boards involves the regulation of resistance exerted by signal traces. It is determined by characteristic factors of PCB fabrication, such as trace width and copper thickness. This article discusses controlled impedance and the essentials of its execution in PCB manufacturing. Introduction Controlled impedance is the regulating impedance levels in PCB signal traces. It involves the process of measuring the impedance of certain traces in a PCB when it is being manufactured and making sure that they adhere to the limits stipulated by the designer. Despite being costly, this method gained popularity around the turn of the century as a result of the steadily rising frequencies […]